India’s digital journey has been nothing short of remarkable, driven by a robust Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) framework known as the India Stack. Over the past decade, the government, in collaboration with public and private entities, has built this digital ecosystem to empower citizens, improve governance, and foster economic growth.
The India Stack is a set of open APIs and platforms that provide a foundation for large-scale public service delivery and innovation. It enables governments, businesses, startups, and developers to leverage technology to offer services to millions of Indians, especially those in underserved areas.
The India Stack is viewed as a layered infrastructure, addressing identity, payments, data, and services.
Click here to download The India Stack: A Foundation for Digital India as a PDF
Four Pillars of the Digital Stack
The four layers of India Stack include:
- Presenceless Layer. Aadhaar enables remote authentication, providing a digital ID that requires only a 12-digit number and a fingerprint or iris scan, eliminating the need for physical documents. It prevents duplicate and fake identities.
- Paperless Layer. Reliance on digital records, using Aadhaar eKYC, eSign, and Digital Locker. It enables secure digital storage and retrieval, creating a paperless system for verifying and accessing documents anytime, on any device.
- Cashless Layer. Led by NPCI, this aims to universalise digital payments. UPI enables instant, secure money transfers between bank accounts using a simple Virtual Payment Address (VPA), moving transactions into the digital age for transparency and ease of use.
- Consent Layer. Enables secure, user-controlled data sharing through electronic consent, allowing data to flow freely. The Account Aggregator ecosystem benefits most, with AA acting as a thin data aggregation layer between Financial Information Providers (FIPs) and Financial Information Users (FIUs).
The Impact of the India Stack
The India Stack has played a pivotal role in the country’s rapid digitalisation:
Financial Inclusion. Aadhaar-enabled payment systems (AePS) and UPI have significantly expanded financial access, increasing inclusion from 25% in 2008 to 80% in 2024, particularly benefiting rural and underserved communities.
Boost to Digital Payments. The India Stack has fuelled exponential growth in digital payments, with UPI processing 10 billion monthly transactions. This has driven the rise of digital wallets, fintech platforms, and digitisation of small businesses.
Better Government Services. Aadhaar authentication has improved the delivery of government schemes like Direct Benefit Transfers (DBTs), Public Distribution System (PDS), and pensions, ensuring transparency and reducing leakages.
The India Stack: A Catalyst for Startup Success
The India Stack is fuelling startup innovation by providing a robust digital infrastructure. It enables entrepreneurs to build services like digital payments, eCommerce, and financial solutions for underserved populations. Platforms such as Aadhaar and UPI have paved the way for businesses to offer secure, seamless transactions, allowing startups like Paytm and BharatPe to thrive. These innovations are driving financial inclusion, empowering rural entrepreneurs, and creating opportunities in sectors like lending and healthtech, supported by global and domestic investments.
From Local Success to Global Inspiration
The impact of the India Stack’s success is being felt worldwide. Global giants such as Google Pay, WhatsApp, and Amazon Pay are drawing inspiration from it to enhance their global payment systems. Alphabet CEO Sundar Pichai plans to apply lessons from Google Pay’s Indian experience to other markets.
While India Stack has achieved significant success, there is still room for improvement. Strengthening data privacy and security is crucial as personal data collection continues to expand. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act aims to address these issues, but balancing innovation with privacy protection remains a challenge.
Bridging the digital divide by expanding Internet access and improving digital literacy, especially for rural and older populations, is key to ensuring that everyone can benefit from the India Stack’s advantages.
Technological advancements have paved the way for banks and financial institutions to broaden their services globally. However, despite ongoing efforts to tackle disparities in access, systemic biases persist, including those related to race, gender, income disparities, and unequal lending practices, contributing to financial inequality.
Prioritising financial inclusion is crucial for fostering global economic growth and AI plays a significant role in achieving this objective.
AI is enhancing financial inclusion by providing financial education and minimising fraud in transactions, empowering previously underserved populations.
The Impact of Financial Inclusion
Impact on Individuals
It is transformative for poverty reduction, empowering marginalised populations to save and invest, providing a tangible path out of poverty. Additionally, access to insurance and savings accounts enhances personal resilience, helping individuals navigate financial risks associated with unforeseen events like health crises, natural disasters, and economic downturns. Financial inclusion is the first step towards social equity.
Impact on the Economy
It fuels economic growth by supporting small businesses and entrepreneurs, fostering innovation, job creation, and overall development. Beyond individual empowerment, it plays a crucial role in addressing global challenges, particularly by facilitating climate action in communities most affected by climate change.
Many market participants recognise the profound impact that financial inclusion can have on the economy and are collectively taking action.
Here are some examples of how they are leveraging AI to promote financial inclusion.
Click here to download ‘Bridging Gaps: AI’s Role in Financial Inclusion’ as a PDF
It is estimated that nearly 1.7 billion adults remain unbanked globally. Besides the unbanked there are large sections of the world that are underbanked or underserved because of geographical, educational and gender divides. And then there are the entrepreneurs and small and medium enterprises that find it harder to secure funds.
There are several ongoing initiatives by policy organisations, governments, corporates and FinTechs that aim to fulfil the goal of creating an inclusive world.
This Ecosystm Snapshot looks at some recent examples from central banks such as MAS, RBI, BSP Philippines, the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan; financial services providers such as Mastercard and Citi; and FinTechs such as Microchip Payments and Sempo.
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