Undersea cables form the invisible backbone of the modern internet, carrying vast amounts of data across continents and connecting billions of people. These vital arteries of global communication are, however, surprisingly vulnerable.
Hybrid Warfare at Sea
Recent incidents have highlighted the vulnerability of undersea infrastructure, particularly in the Baltic Sea. In the latest case, a fibre optic cable between Latvia and Sweden was reportedly severed by the dragging anchor of the cargo ship Vezhen, originating from Russia’s Ust-Luga port. Swedish authorities boarded and seized the vessel.
In December, the Eagle S Panamax oil tanker, sailing from St. Petersburg, allegedly damaged a power cable and three fibre optic cables between Estonia and Finland, as well as another connection between Finland and Germany. Finnish authorities seized the ship for investigation. A similar incident occurred in November when the Yi Peng 3, also from Ust-Luga, was linked to cable ruptures connecting Sweden to Lithuania and Finland to Germany. Although shadowed by the Royal Danish Navy, the vessel was ultimately allowed to continue its voyage.
The suspected sabotage of 11 undersea cables in 15 months has alarmed NATO countries, prompting increased surveillance around Europe. Patrols will focus on protecting critical assets like fibre optic cables, power lines, gas pipelines, and environmental sensors. Dubbed Baltic Sentry, the mission will deploy frigates, patrol aircraft, and unmanned naval drones, supported by NATO’s Maritime Centre for the Security of Critical Undersea Infrastructure. An AI system will monitor unusual shipping activity, such as loitering near cables or erratic course changes, aiming to cut response times to 30-60 minutes. Meanwhile, Operation Nordic Warden will analyse satellite imagery, patrol data, and Automatic Identification System (AIS) signals to assess risks in 22 key areas.
The primary concern is damage to infrastructure in the shallow waters of the Baltic Sea, but suspicious activity elsewhere has caught the attention of tech giants. Ireland, a critical hub for Europe’s cloud data centres, hosts undersea cables owned by companies like Google, Microsoft, and Amazon, linking it to the US and UK. As a non-NATO country, Ireland faces the challenge of monitoring over 3,000km of coastline. Recently, both the Irish Defence Forces and Royal Navy shadowed a Russian spy ship in the Irish Sea and English Channel. While cable damage is often immediately evident, the risk of communication taps is more alarming and harder to detect.
How Resilient Are Undersea Cable Networks?
There are about 400 undersea cables spanning over 1.3 million kms globally. According to the International Cable Protection Committee, around 200 incidents of cable damage occur annually, mostly caused by dragged anchors or trawling. Only about 10% result from natural causes like weather or wildlife. Near shorelines, cables are heavily protected and often buried under several metres of sand in shallow waters. However, in deeper seas, they are harder to monitor and safeguard.
Highly developed regions, such as the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Irish Sea, rely on multiple redundant cables to maintain connections between countries. While severing a single link may reduce capacity and cause inconvenience, major disruptions are rare, even for remote European islands served by multiple cables.
Fibre optic cable repairs typically take days to weeks, faster than the lengthy timelines for fixing power cables or gas pipelines. Repair costs range from USD 1-3 million depending on the damage. Faults are located using test pulses, and specialised ships lift the damaged sections to the surface for splicing. However, with only 22 repair-designated cable ships worldwide, simultaneous outages could significantly delay restoration.
In regions with less cooperative neighbours, obtaining permissions can further slow repairs. For instance, cables crossing the South China Sea face increasing challenges in deployment and maintenance, complicating connections between ASEAN nations. Routing cables along longer coastal paths raises costs and impacts latency, adding further strain to the network.
Responding to Escalating Incidents
Plausible deniability and the opaque nature of maritime operations make attributing these events challenging. Nonetheless, NATO countries view them as part of Russia’s broader hybrid warfare strategy, which avoids direct confrontation while instilling fear and uncertainty by showcasing an adversary’s reach. Attacks on undersea cables undermine public trust in a government’s ability to protect critical infrastructure.
European governments initially downplayed the impact of these attacks, likely to minimise psychological effects and avoid escalation. While this cautious approach, coupled with rapid repairs, proved effective in the short term, it may have emboldened adversaries, leading to further incidents. In response, Sweden and Finland are now more willing to seize vessels in their territorial waters to deter both intentional and negligent actions.
Implications for Enterprise Networks
While enterprises cannot prevent damage to undersea infrastructure, they can mitigate risks and build resilient networks:
- Satellite Connectivity. Satellite internet services like Starlink and Eutelsat may not be ideal for bandwidth-intensive applications but can support critical services requiring international connections. An SD-WAN enables automatic failover to a redundant circuit if a land-based or undersea cable is disrupted.
- Dynamic Path Selection. Modern WAN architectures with dynamic path selection can reroute traffic to alternate cloud regions when primary paths are down. Locally available services can continue operating on domestic networks unaffected by international outages.
- Edge Computing. Adopting an edge-to-cloud strategy allows the running of select workloads closer to the edge or in local data centres. This reduces reliance on international links, improves resilience, and lowers latency.
- Disaster Recovery Planning. Enterprises should incorporate extended network outages into their disaster recovery plans, assessing the potential impact on operations and distinguishing between land-based, undersea, and other types of connections.
The idea of solar energy beamed back to earth from space was born a century ago by astronautics pioneer, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, and then popularised by Isaac Asimov in his 1941 short story Reason. Although the first designs for a solar power satellite with microwave-based transmission were developed by Czech-born NASA engineer, Peter Glaser, in 1968, it has taken decades for complementary technologies to catch up to even make testing the concept feasible.
Space-based solar power (SBSP) uses photovoltaic panels on satellites to generate electricity and beam it back to Earth in microwave form. The energy is then converted back to electricity at a rectenna receiving station connected to the grid. By deploying a network of geostationary satellites, it is theoretically possible to transmit energy around the globe before beaming it back to Earth. The technology would be a breakthrough, generating abundant renewable energy 24 hours per day, regardless of the weather or season. This would overcome the primary challenge of renewables – intermittency – and reduce the need for storage.
Reusable Rockets and Small Satellites
One of the greatest hurdles to commercialising SBSP is the prohibitive cost to launch into orbit, but the advent of reusable rockets and small satellites has brought down the price dramatically. Private companies, like SpaceX and Rocket Lab, charge between USD 3,000-30,000 per kilogram of payload to low earth orbit, a fraction of the cost when launches were dominated by government space agencies.
The emergence of cheaper small satellites, or CubeSats, is also creating a landscape favourable to innovation in space. Researchers can afford to experiment with new technologies by launching prototypes into orbit and iterating quickly.
Caltech Experiment Proves Transmission is Possible
While the efficiency and durability of photovoltaic panels have improved exponentially and the cost of launching satellites into space has plummeted, transmitting power back to Earth remains a challenge. Electricity must be converted into microwaves, with the beams steered back through the earth’s atmosphere. Transmission can be degraded by factors, such as atmospheric absorption, diffraction, and weather.
Researchers from The California Institute of Technology (Caltech) recently achieved a milestone by demonstrating that the transmission of energy from space is possible. The Caltech Space Solar Power Project (SSPP) launched the Microwave Array for Power-transfer Low-orbit Experiment (MAPLE) onboard the Space Solar Power Demonstrator (SSPD-1) earlier this year. In progressively ambitious experiments, the researchers lit up two LEDs in orbit to test energy transfer in space. Next, they successfully transmitted a “detectable” amount of power to antennae on the roof of the Moore Laboratory at Caltech. This may prove to be the first step toward developing a commercially viable system.
Governments Recognise Space-based Solar Potential
With sustainability and energy security coming sharply into focus over the last year, governments have sat up and paid attention to the potential of SBSP. The UK’s energy security secretary, Grant Shapps, recently announced the winners of £4.3M in funding to develop the technology. The grants were devised to tap into the 10GW of space-based solar power potential that an independent study estimated would be available to the UK. Public entities in the EU, China, Japan, and the US have made similar announcements over the past 12 months, signalling a rapid shift in momentum for SBSP.
A Revolution of Space-based Power and Communications
Although SBSP is still undeniably an experimental technology, recent developments hint at a future where clean energy could be beamed down to Earth. Even accounting for transmission loss, each solar power satellite is estimated to deliver the equivalent of a nuclear power station to the grid.
Access to power remains a major obstacle to data centre operators, whether they are hyperscale cloud providers, city-based facilities at capacity, or small regional edge data centres. In recent years, cloud hubs, such as Singapore and Ireland, have imposed strict controls on new data centre builds due to concerns about escalating power consumption. Rising prices for natural gas have made the business case for renewable sources for data centre power even more attractive and space-based solar is an alluring candidate to add to the future mix.
Power transmitted to Earth could be coupled with low latency connectivity provided by satellites in low earth orbit from the likes of Starlink. The pairing of power and connectivity from satellites means even remote locations could be served. Advances in energy and communications have ignited progress since the discovery of fire and the emergence of language and these space-based innovations will undoubtedly play a key role in the next industrial revolution.
2020 was a watershed year for the industry as they proved to be the backbone for the rapid changes in work practices, communication and entertainment. This has led telecom providers to embark on their won digital transformation journeys.
The challenges continue for the industry, especially as 5G has not yet delivered on the early promises. Telecom operators today are having to provide cutting-edge services and top-notch customer experience as they continue to be challenged by new market entrants and strong regulatory pressures.
In 2022, telecom providers will be driven by the need to innovate and improve their product and service lines; improve customer experience; comply with changing regulations; and to optimise costs.
Read on to find out what Ecosystm Analysts Darian Bird and Matt Walker think will be the key trends in the telecom industry in 2022.
